Viva ICSE Chemistry 8

Contents:

Chapter 1. Matter • MATTER • KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF MATTER — Postulates of Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter • STATES OF MATTERS BASED ON KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY — Solids, Liquids, Gases • STATES OF MATTER — Solids, Liquids, Gases • CHANGE OF STATE OF MATTER — Terms Related to Change of State of Matter • LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

Chapter 2. Physical and Chemical Changes • CHANGES — A REVIEW • CLASSIFICATION OF CHANGES • REVERSIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE CHANGES • PERIODIC AND NON-PERIODIC CHANGES • DESIRABLE AND UNDESIRABLE CHANGES • SLOW AND FAST CHANGES • NATURAL AND MAN-MADE CHANGES • PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES — Physical Changes, Chemical Changes • CHANGES INVOLVING ENERGY CHANGES — Changes in which Energy is Absorbed, Changes in which Energy is Released

Chapter 3. Elements, Compounds and Mixtures • ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES — A QUICK RECALL • PURE SUBSTANCES — Characteristics of Pure Substances, Elements, Compounds • MIXTURES — Characteristics of Mixtures, Classification of Mixtures, Formation of Mixtures • SEPARATION OF MIXTURES — Principle of Separation of Mixtures, Separating Solid-Solid Mixtures, Separating Solid-Liquid Mixtures, Separating Liquid-Liquid Mixtures • COMBINING METHODS FOR SEPARATING MIXTURES • Separating a Mixture of Iron Filings, Sand and Iodine; Separating Salt, Sand and Grain

Chapter 4. Atomic Structure • ANCIENT VIEWS ON ATOMIC STRUCTURE — Maharishi Kanada's View on Atom, Democritus and Atoms • DALTON•S ATOMIC THEORY • SUBATOMIC PARTICLES AND THEIR DISCOVERY — Discovery of Electron, Discovery of Proton, Thomson's Model of an Atom, Discovery of Nucleus, Discovery of Neutron • MODERN CONCEPT OF AN ATOM • STRUCTURAL STABILITY OF AN ATOM • ATOMIC NUMBER • MASS NUMBER — Symbolic Representation of an Element • RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS • ISOTOPES — Properties of Isotopes • ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION • VALENCY — Why DO Atoms and Elements Combine or React•, Positive Valency, Negative Valency, Variable Valency, Radicals • CHEMICAL BOND — Electrovalent Bond, Covalent Bond

Chapter 5. Language of Chemistry • ELEMENTS AND THEIR SYMBOLS • COMPOUNDS AND THEIR FORMULAE — Valency, Chemical Formulae of Compounds • CHEMICAL EQUATIONS (FROM WORD EQUATIONS) — Steps to Write a Chemical Equation, Need for Balancing a Chemical Equation • BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS — Applying Atomic Theory, Applying the Law of Conservation of Mass • INFORMATION GATHERED FROM A CHEMICAL EQUATION • LIMITATIONS OF A CHEMICAL REACTION — Pure State or Solution, Physical States of Reactants and Products, Heat and Temperature, Light, Electricity, Pressure, Catalyst, Reversibility, Endothermic or Exothermic

Chapter 6. Chemical Reactions • CHEMICAL REACTIONS — Characteristics of a Chemical Reactions, Conditions Necessary for Chemical Reactions, Catalyst and Enzyme • TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS — Combination or Synthesis Reaction, Decomposition Reaction, Displacement Reaction, Double Displacement Reaction, Redox Reaction • REACTIVITY OR ACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS • DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS TO FORM OXIDES — Calcination, Roasting • CLASSIFICATION OF OXIDES — Acidic Oxides, Basic Oxides, Neutral Oxides, Amphoteric Oxides

Chapter 7. Hydrogen • OCCURRENCE OF HYDROGEN • DISCOVERY OF HYDROGEN • PREPARATION OF HYDROGEN — Activity Series of Metals, Preparation of Hydrogen by Action of Water on Metals, Preparation of Hydrogen by Action of Dilute Acids on Metals, Preparation of Hydrogen by Action of Alkalis on Metals, Preparation of Hydrogen by Electrolysis of Water, Laboratory Preparation of Hydrogen, Bosch's Process: Industrial Production of Hydrogen • PROPERTIES OF HYDROGEN — Physical Properties of Hydrogen, Chemical Properties of Hydrogen, Tests for Hydrogen • OXIDATION AND REDUCTION • USES OF HYDROGEN

Chapter 8. Water • WATER — A REVISION • Uses of Water, Sources of Water, Water Cycle, Potable Water, Purification of Water • PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER • Effects of Anomalous Expansion of Water • DISSOLUTION OF SALTS IN WATER • Water — A Universal Solvent, Solubility • TRUE SOLUTION, SUSPENSION AND COLLOID • True Solution, Suspension, Colloid • WATER OF CRYSTALLISATION • CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER — Nature, Stability, Reactivity with Metals • HARD WATER AND SOFT WATER — Causes of Hardness of Water, Disadvantages of Hard Water, Removal of Hardness of Water (Softening of Water)

Chapter 9. Carbon and Its Compounds • OCCURRENCE OF CARBON • COMPOUNDS OF CARBON — Some Useful Carbon Products • CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON • ALLOTROPES OF CARBON — Crystalline Forms of Carbon, Amorphous Forms of Carbon • CARBON DIOXIDE — Preparation of Carbon Dioxide, Tests for Carbon Dioxide, Properties of Carbon Dioxide, Uses of Carbon Dioxide, Greenhouse Effect, Global Warming • CARBON MONOXIDE — Properties of Carbon Monoxide, Poisonous Nature of Carbon Monoxide, Precautions to be Taken to Avoid Carbon Monoxide Poisoning, How is Carbon Monoxide Added to the Atmosphere•

At a Glance

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About the Authors:

Prof. Suresh Garg has been associated with School of Sciences in lndira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi since 1993. He served as Commonwealth Expert on Distance Science Teaching at the University of the South Pacific, Fiji Islands from 1996 to 1998. During 1999-2002, he was appointed as Director, School of Sciences of the University and in 2002-2006, he served as Pro-Vice Chancellor and Acting Vice Chancellor of IGNOU. In the period 2008-2010, as Commonwealth expert, he worked as Founder Director, Centre for Learning and Teaching, National University of Lesotho, Lesotho, Southern Africa.

He has been a member of several national and international professional bodies like lndian Association of Physics Teachers, CASTME-Asia, and ICTP-India. Having served on academic, research and management boards of several conventional and open universities in the country and abroad, he carries vast experience in educational planning, management and pedagogy. His books in Physics are widely prescribed by several universities in India. He has also published two books on different aspects of lndian higher education. He has also co-edited five books in different areas of distance education, besides publishing more than 75 research papers in national and international journals of repute, 20 chapters in books and a large number of popular articles. During the period 2003-2006, he was Chief Editor of lndian Journal of Open Learning published by IGNOU. Between 2004 and 2006, he was Editor of Global E-Journal of Open, Flexible & Distance Education. He has been on the Editorial Boards of AAOU Journal on open learning, Staffand Educational Development International, lnternational Journal of Scientific, Engineering and Educational Research published online and Open Praxis published by International Council for Distance Education.

Neha Sharma is a gold medalist in M.Tech. from Guru Gobind Singh lndraprastha University. She did her M.Sc. from the University of Delhi and has worked as an Assistant Professor in Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida for more than seven years. Presently she is working as a PGT faculty in Venkateshwar Global School, Rohini.