Statistics, 4/e

Contents:

Part I Design of Experiments • Chapter 1. Controlled Experiments: The Salk Vaccine Field Trial • The Portacaval Shunt • Historical Controls • Summary • Chapter 2. Observational Studies: Introduction • The Clofibrate Trial • More Examples • Sex Bias in Graduate Admissions • Confounding • Review Exercises • Summary and Overview? Part II Descriptive Statistics • Chapter 3. The Histogram: Introduction • Drawing a Histogram • The Density Scale • Variables • Controlling for a Variable • Cross-Tabulation • Selective Breeding • Review Exercises • Summary • Chapter 4. The Average and the Standard Deviation: Introduction • The Average • The Average and the Histogram • The Root-Mean-Square • The Standard Deviation • Computing the Standard Deviation • Using a Statistical Calculator • Review Exercises • Summary • Chapter 5 The Normal Approximation for Data: The Normal Curve • Finding Areas under the Normal Curve • The Normal Approximation for Data • Percentiles • Percentiles and the Normal Curve • Change of Scale • Review Exercises • Summary • Chapter 6. Measurement Error: Introduction • Chance Error • Outliers • Bias • Review Exercises • Special Review Exercises • Summary and Overview • Chapter 7. Plotting Points and Lines: Reading Points off a Graph • Plotting Points • Slope and Intercept • Plotting Lines • The Algebraic Equation for a Line • Chapter 8. Correlation: The Scatter Diagram • The Correlation Coefficient • The SD Line • Computing the Correlation Coefficient • Review Exercises • Summary • Part III Correlation and Regression • Chapter 9. More about Correlation: Features of the Correlation Coefficient • Changing SDs • Some Exceptional Cases • Ecological Correlations • Association is Not Causation • Review Exercises • Summary • Chapter 10. Regression: Introduction • The Graph of Averages • The Regression Method for Individuals • The Regression Fallacy • There Are Two Regression Lines • Review Exercises • Summary • Chapter 11. The R.M.S. Error for Regression: Introduction • Computing the R.M.S. Error • Plotting the Residuals • Looking at Vertical Strips • Using the Normal Curve Inside a Vertical Strip? Review Exercises • Summary • Part IV Probability • Chapter 12. The Regression Line: Slope and Intercept: The Method of Least Squares • Does the Regression Make Sense? • Review Exercises • Summary and Overview • Chapter 13. What Are the Chances?: Introduction • Conditional Probabilities • The Multiplication Rule • Independence • The Collins Case • Review Exercises • Summary • Chapter 14. More about Chance: Listing the Ways • The Addition Rule • Two FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions) • The Paradox of the Chevalier De Mere • Are Real Dice Fair? • Review Exercises • Summary • Chapter 15. The Binomial Formula: Introduction • The Binomial Formula • Review Exercises • Special Review Exercises • Summary and Overview • PART V. Change Variability : Chapter 16. The Law of Averages: What Does the Law of Averages Say? • Chance Processes • The Sum of Draws • Making a Box Model • Review Exercises • Summary • Chapter 17. The Expected Value and Standard Error: The Expected Value • The Standard Error • Using the Normal Curve • A Short-Cut • Classifying and Counting • Review Exercises • Postscript • Summary • Chapter 18. The Normal Approximation for Probability Histograms: Introduction • Probability Histograms • Probability Histograms and the Normal Curve • The Normal Approximation • The Scope of the Normal Approximation • Conclusion • Review Exercises • Summary • Part VI Sampling • Chapter 19. Sample Surveys: Introduction • The Literary Digest Poll • The Year the Polls Elected Dewey • Using Chance in Survey Work • How Well Do Probability Methods Work? • A Closer Look at the Gallup Poll • Telephone Surveys • Chance Error and Bias • Review Exercises • Summary • Chapter 20. Chance Errors in Sampling: Introduction • The Expected Value and Standard Error • Using the Normal Curve • The Correction Factor • The Gallup Poll • Review Exercises • Summary • Chapter 21. The Accuracy of Percentages: Introduction • Confidence Intervals • Interpreting a Confidence Interval • Caveat Emptor • The Gallup Poll • Review Exercises • Summary • Chapter 22.Measuring Employment and Unemployment: Introduction • The Design of the Current Population Survey • Carrying out the Survey • Weighting the Sample • Standard Errors • The Quality of the Data • Bias • Review Exercises Summary • Chapter 23.The Accuracy of Averages: Introduction • The Sample Average • Which SE? • A Reminder • Review Exercises • Special Review Exercises • Summary and Overview • Part VII Chance Models • Chapter 24. A Model for Measurement Error: Estimating the Accuracy of an Average • Chance Models • The Gauss Model • Conclusion • Review Exercises • Summary • Chapter 25. Chance Models in Genetics: How Mendel Discovered Genes • Did Mendel's Facts Fit His Model? • The Law of Regression • An Appreciation of the Model • Review Exercises • Summary and Overview • Part VIII Tests of Significance • Chapter 26 Tests of Significance • Introduction • The Null and the Alternative • Test Statistics and Significance Levels • Making a Test of Significance • Zero-One Boxes • The t-Test • Review Exercises • Summary • Chapter 27 More Tests for Averages • The Standard Error for a Difference • Comparing Two Sample Averages Experiments • More on Experiments • When Does the z-Test Apply? • Review Exercises • Summary • Chapter 28. The Chi-Square Test: Introduction • The Structure of the c2-Test • How Fisher Used the c2-Test • Testing Independence • Review Exercises • Summary • Chapter 29. A Closer Look at Tests of Significance: Was the Result Significant? • Data Snooping • Was the Result Important? • The Role of the Model • Does the Difference Prove the Point? • Conclusion • Review Exercises • Special Review Exercises • Summary and Overview • Notes • Answers to Exercises Tables • Index