Composite Materials and Structural Analysis

Contents:

Preface
Chapter 1: Why Composites and What They Are? Introduction • Definition and Some Applications of Composites • Composites in Automobiles • Composites in Sporting Goods • Composites in Aerospace • Composites in Ocean Engineering • Characteristics of Composite Materials • Classification of Composites • Fibrous Composites • Particulate Composites • Flake • Filled/Skeletal • Advantages • Disadvantages • References
Chapter 2: Fibers and Matrix Materials • Introduction • Fibers • Natural Fibers • Synthetic Fibers • Glass Fibers • Carbon Fibers • Kevlar Fibers • Boron Fibers • Ceramic Fibers • Matrix or Binding Material • Polymeric Material • Epoxies • Polyester • Phenolic Resins • Vinyl Esters • Polyimides • Thermoplastics • Fillers • Summary • References
Chapter 3: Lamina Constitutive Equations? Introduction • Stiffness Coefficients for 3D Composites • Stiffness Coefficients for 2D Composites • Relations Between Stiffness Coefficients and Engineering Constants • Especially Orthotropic Lamina • Case 1 • Case 2 • Case 3 • Constitutive Relations for a Generally Orthotropic Lamina • Transformation of Stresses • Transformation of Strains • Transformed Stiffness Coefficients • Transformed Engineering Constants • Invariant Form of Stiffness and Compliance Coefficients • Summary • Problems • References
Chapter 4: Analysis of Continuous Fiber Lamina for Strength and Stiffness? Introduction • Volume and Weight Fractions • Modulus and Strength of the Continuous Fiber Lamina • Strength of Materials Approach • Longitudinal Elastic Modulus and Strength • Transverse Elastic Modulus and Strength • In-plane Shear Modulus and Strength • Major Poisson's Ratio • Theory of Elasticity Approach • Semi-empirical Approach • Hygrothermal Behavior of Lamina • Coefficient of Thermal Expansion and Associated Thermal Strains • Coefficient of Moisture Absorption and Associated Strains • Strength and Failure of a Lamina • Longitudinal Tensile Strength • Longitudinal Compressive Strength • Extensional Mode • Shear Mode • Summary • Problems • References
Chapter 5: Strength of Fiber Reinforced Composite Lamina? Introduction • Maximum Stress Failure Theory • Maximum Strain Failure Theory • Interactive Failure Theories • Tsai-Hill Failure Criterion (Maximum Work Theory) • Tsai-Wu Failure Criterion • Hashin Criterion • Hoffman Criterion • Summary • Problems • References
Chapter 6: Laminate Analysis • Introduction • Laminate Codes? Formulation for Laminated Plates • Strain-displacement Relations • Stress-strain Relations • Force and Moment Resultants • Special Cases of Laminates • Symmetric Laminates • Anti-symmetric Laminates • Balanced Laminate • Quasi-isotropic Laminate • Lamina Stresses and Strains • Hygrothermal Effects on Laminate Stresses • Thermal Effects • Moisture Stresses • Summary • Problems • References
Chapter 7: Analysis for Strength of the Laminate • Introduction • Load-deformation Curve for the Laminate • Stress/Load Analysis at First Ply Failure • Summary • Problems • References
Chapter 8: Analysis of Composite Beams? Introduction • Governing Equation for Laminated Beams • Governing Equation for Laminated Composite Beams • Buckling of Composite Columns • Vibrations of Anisotropic Composite Columns • Buckling of Sandwich Columns • Buckling of Sandwich Panels • Symmetric Sandwich Panel • Summary • Problems • References
Chapter 9: Analysis of Composite Laminates • Introduction • Classical Laminate Theory • Assumptions • Equilibrium Equations? Equilibrium Equations in Terms of Displacements • Governing Equations for Laminated Plates • Subjected to Compressive In-plane Loads • Transverse Equilibrium • Higher Order Single Governing Equation • Governing Equations for Free Vibration • Governing Equations Employing Higher Order Theories • First Order Shear Deformation Theory (FSDT) • Higher Order Shear Deformation Theory (HSDT) • Summary • Problems • References
Chapter 10: Short Fiber Composites? Introduction • Analysis of Aligned Short Fiber Composites • Improved Analysis for Aligned Short Fiber Composites • Semi-empirical Relations for Prediction of Modulus and Strength of Aligned Short Fiber Composites • Off-axis Aligned Short Fiber Composites • Randomly Oriented Short Fiber Composites • Aligned Ribbon Reinforced Composites • Summary • References
Chapter 11: Optimization • Introduction • Nonlinear Programming Techniques (Application) • Static Case • Dynamic Case • Genetic Algorithm Technique (Applications) • Evaluation of the Fitness • Coding in the Genetic Algorithm • Convergence Criteria • Formulation • Optimization • Summary • References
Chapter 12: Manufacturing Techniques for Composites • Introduction • Fabrication Process for Thermosetting • Polymer Composites • Hand Lay-up Technique • Spray-up Technique • Bagging Technique • Vacuum Bag Molding • Pressure Bag Molding • Autoclave Molding? Sheet Molding Compound • Bulk Molding Compound • Filament Winding • Pultrusion • Liquid Composite Molding • Manufacturing Process for Thermoplastic • Polymer Composites • Matched/Unmatched Die Molding • Injection Molding • Thermoforming • Summary • References
Chapter 13: Experimental Evaluation of Composite Properties • Introduction • Tensile Properties • Compressive Properties • In-plane Shear Properties • Torsion Tube Test • Rail Shear Test • ?? 45?? Shear Test • Iosipescu Shear Test • Flexural Properties • Interlaminar Shear Strength • Summary • References
Index

Preface
Chapter 1: Why Composites and What They Are? Introduction • Definition and Some Applications of Composites • Composites in Automobiles • Composites in Sporting Goods • Composites in Aerospace • Composites in Ocean Engineering • Characteristics of Composite Materials • Classification of Composites • Fibrous Composites • Particulate Composites • Flake • Filled/Skeletal • Advantages • Disadvantages • References
Chapter 2: Fibers and Matrix Materials • Introduction • Fibers • Natural Fibers • Synthetic Fibers • Glass Fibers • Carbon Fibers • Kevlar Fibers • Boron Fibers • Ceramic Fibers • Matrix or Binding Material • Polymeric Material • Epoxies • Polyester • Phenolic Resins • Vinyl Esters • Polyimides • Thermoplastics • Fillers • Summary • References
Chapter 3: Lamina Constitutive Equations? Introduction • Stiffness Coefficients for 3D Composites • Stiffness Coefficients for 2D Composites • Relations Between Stiffness Coefficients and Engineering Constants • Especially Orthotropic Lamina • Case 1 • Case 2 • Case 3 • Constitutive Relations for a Generally Orthotropic Lamina • Transformation of Stresses • Transformation of Strains • Transformed Stiffness Coefficients • Transformed Engineering Constants • Invariant Form of Stiffness and Compliance Coefficients • Summary • Problems • References
Chapter 4: Analysis of Continuous Fiber Lamina for Strength and Stiffness? Introduction • Volume and Weight Fractions • Modulus and Strength of the Continuous Fiber Lamina • Strength of Materials Approach • Longitudinal Elastic Modulus and Strength • Transverse Elastic Modulus and Strength • In-plane Shear Modulus and Strength • Major Poisson's Ratio • Theory of Elasticity Approach • Semi-empirical Approach • Hygrothermal Behavior of Lamina • Coefficient of Thermal Expansion and Associated Thermal Strains • Coefficient of Moisture Absorption and Associated Strains • Strength and Failure of a Lamina • Longitudinal Tensile Strength • Longitudinal Compressive Strength • Extensional Mode • Shear Mode • Summary • Problems • References
Chapter 5: Strength of Fiber Reinforced Composite Lamina? Introduction • Maximum Stress Failure Theory • Maximum Strain Failure Theory • Interactive Failure Theories • Tsai-Hill Failure Criterion (Maximum Work Theory) • Tsai-Wu Failure Criterion • Hashin Criterion • Hoffman Criterion • Summary • Problems • References
Chapter 6: Laminate Analysis • Introduction • Laminate Codes? Formulation for Laminated Plates • Strain-displacement Relations • Stress-strain Relations • Force and Moment Resultants • Special Cases of Laminates • Symmetric Laminates • Anti-symmetric Laminates • Balanced Laminate • Quasi-isotropic Laminate • Lamina Stresses and Strains • Hygrothermal Effects on Laminate Stresses • Thermal Effects • Moisture Stresses • Summary • Problems • References
Chapter 7: Analysis for Strength of the Laminate • Introduction • Load-deformation Curve for the Laminate • Stress/Load Analysis at First Ply Failure • Summary • Problems • References
Chapter 8: Analysis of Composite Beams? Introduction • Governing Equation for Laminated Beams • Governing Equation for Laminated Composite Beams • Buckling of Composite Columns • Vibrations of Anisotropic Composite Columns • Buckling of Sandwich Columns • Buckling of Sandwich Panels • Symmetric Sandwich Panel • Summary • Problems • References
Chapter 9: Analysis of Composite Laminates • Introduction • Classical Laminate Theory • Assumptions • Equilibrium Equations? Equilibrium Equations in Terms of Displacements • Governing Equations for Laminated Plates • Subjected to Compressive In-plane Loads • Transverse Equilibrium • Higher Order Single Governing Equation • Governing Equations for Free Vibration • Governing Equations Employing Higher Order Theories • First Order Shear Deformation Theory (FSDT) • Higher Order Shear Deformation Theory (HSDT) • Summary • Problems • References
Chapter 10: Short Fiber Composites? Introduction • Analysis of Aligned Short Fiber Composites • Improved Analysis for Aligned Short Fiber Composites • Semi-empirical Relations for Prediction of Modulus and Strength of Aligned Short Fiber Composites • Off-axis Aligned Short Fiber Composites • Randomly Oriented Short Fiber Composites • Aligned Ribbon Reinforced Composites • Summary • References
Chapter 11: Optimization • Introduction • Nonlinear Programming Techniques (Application) • Static Case • Dynamic Case • Genetic Algorithm Technique (Applications) • Evaluation of the Fitness • Coding in the Genetic Algorithm • Convergence Criteria • Formulation • Optimization • Summary • References
Chapter 12: Manufacturing Techniques for Composites • Introduction • Fabrication Process for Thermosetting • Polymer Composites • Hand Lay-up Technique • Spray-up Technique • Bagging Technique • Vacuum Bag Molding • Pressure Bag Molding • Autoclave Molding? Sheet Molding Compound • Bulk Molding Compound • Filament Winding • Pultrusion • Liquid Composite Molding • Manufacturing Process for Thermoplastic • Polymer Composites • Matched/Unmatched Die Molding • Injection Molding • Thermoforming • Summary • References
Chapter 13: Experimental Evaluation of Composite Properties • Introduction • Tensile Properties • Compressive Properties • In-plane Shear Properties • Torsion Tube Test • Rail Shear Test • ?? 45?? Shear Test • Iosipescu Shear Test • Flexural Properties • Interlaminar Shear Strength • Summary • References
Index

About the Author:

N.G.R.lyengar completed his Masters of Engineering from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, in 1965 and obtained his Ph.D. from the Indian Institute of Technology (lIT), Kanpur, in 1971. He worked as a faculty at lIT Kanpur since 1977 and superannuated as a Professor at the Department of Aerospace Engineering in 2007. He is presently Mentor, International Institute for Aerospace Engineering and Management, and Pro Vice Chancellor, both at Jain University, Bangalore. He is a Fellow of the Indian National Academy of Engineering, Fellow of Institution of Engineers (India), Fellow of the Aeronautical Society of India, and Life Member of the Indian Society for Technical Education. Dr. N.G.R. Iyengar is the recipient of a number of prestigious awards. His research work has been published, among others, with Journal of Aerospace Sciences and Technology, India; Fiber Science Technology; Journal of Sound and Vibration; Journal of Composite Structures; Journal of Structural Mechanics; Sadhana; and International Journal of Mechanical Sciences.

About the Author:

N.G.R.lyengar completed his Masters of Engineering from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, in 1965 and obtained his Ph.D. from the Indian Institute of Technology (lIT), Kanpur, in 1971. He worked as a faculty at lIT Kanpur since 1977 and superannuated as a Professor at the Department of Aerospace Engineering in 2007. He is presently Mentor, International Institute for Aerospace Engineering and Management, and Pro Vice Chancellor, both at Jain University, Bangalore. He is a Fellow of the Indian National Academy of Engineering, Fellow of Institution of Engineers (India), Fellow of the Aeronautical Society of India, and Life Member of the Indian Society for Technical Education. Dr. N.G.R. Iyengar is the recipient of a number of prestigious awards. His research work has been published, among others, with Journal of Aerospace Sciences and Technology, India; Fiber Science Technology; Journal of Sound and Vibration; Journal of Composite Structures; Journal of Structural Mechanics; Sadhana; and International Journal of Mechanical Sciences.